UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — Log on to any app store, and parents will find hundreds of options for children that claim to be educational. But new research suggests these apps might not be as beneficial to children as they seem.
A new study analyzed some of the most downloaded educational apps for kids, using a set of four criteria designed to evaluate whether an app provides a high-quality educational experience for children. The researchers found that most of the apps scored low, with free apps scoring even lower than their paid counterparts on some criteria.
Jennifer Zosh, associate professor of human development and family studies at Penn State Brandywine, said the study — recently published in the Journal of Children and Media — suggests apps shouldn’t replace human interaction nor do they guarantee learning.
“Parents shouldn't automatically trust that something marked ‘educational’ in an app store is actually educational,” Zosh said. “By co-playing apps with their children, talking to them about what is happening as they play, pointing out what is happening in the real world that relates to something shown in an app, and selecting apps that minimize distraction, they are able to leverage the pillars of learning and can successfully navigate this new digital childhood.”
According to previous research, about 98% of kids ages eight and under live in a home with some type of mobile device, like a smartphone or tablet. While watching videos and playing games are popular ways children spend their time on these devices, the researchers said there are also many apps that are not only popular but claim to be educational.
Marisa Meyer, a research assistant at the University of Michigan, said the idea for the study came about when reviewing the top-downloaded apps on the Google Play marketplace for different research.
“We noticed a concerning number of apps being marketed to children as ‘educational’ without reputable justification or verification of these educational claims,” Meyer said. “Our study was an effort to create a coding scheme that would allow us to evaluate apps marketed as educational and have a framework to verify, or refute, those claims.”
For the study, the researchers developed a system for evaluating educational apps that was based on Zosh’s previous work in the journal Psychological Science in the Public Interest, which used decades of research on the science of learning to uncover the “pillars” of learning – or the contexts and traits of truly educational experiences. In that piece, Zosh said, “we explored how these pillars might give us insight into how to leverage new technology to create truly educational experiences for young children."
In the current study, Zosh and the other researchers tested the apps children are actually using against these pillars to uncover what today’s apps are doing well and where they struggle in supporting learning in young children. The researchers deemed an app high-quality based on how it performed across each pillar.
“The first pillar is to facilitate active, minds-on thinking in the children — asking them to question, guess, evaluate and think deeply, rather than simply tapping or reacting to on-screen stimuli,” Zosh said. “The second is that it helps children stay tuned into the learning at hand, rather than distracting them with overwhelming sound effects, flash ads and gimmicky rewards.”
The researchers said the third pillar is that the app contain relevant and meaningful content that facilitates a connection of app-based learning to the user’s external world. Finally, the fourth pillar is that the app provides opportunities for social interaction, either in-person or mediated by the screen.
The top 100 children's educational apps from the Google Play and Apple app stores, as well as 24 apps most frequently played by preschool-age children in a separate longitudinal cohort study, were analyzed for the study. Each app was given a score of "0" (low) to "3" (high) for each pillar. Apps that had a combined score of less than five after adding the scores for each pillar were considered low quality.
After analyzing the data, the researchers found that a score of "1" was the most common rating for all four pillars. For the fourth pillar — Social Interaction — a score of "0" was the second most common rating.
According to the researchers, because these apps might not provide high-quality educational experiences for kids, they risk parents choosing them over other activities — such as reading, physical activity or pretend play — that actually could be more beneficial.
Meyer added that the study also has implications not just for parents, but for app developers, as well.
“If app designers intend to engender and advertise educational gains through use of their apps, we recommend collaborating with child development experts in order to develop apps rooted in the ways children learn most effectively,” Meyer said. “We also recommend that app designers and app stores work with child development experts to create evidence-based ratings of apps, so that higher-quality products with fewer distracting enhancements can be easily identified by parents.”
Caroline McLaren, University of Michigan; Michael Robb, Common Sense Media; Harlan McCafferty, University of Michigan; Roberta Michnick Golinkoff, University of Delaware; and Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, Temple University, also participated in this work.
The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development helped support this research.