UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — Graphene, hexagonally arranged carbon atoms in a single layer with superior pliability and high conductivity, could advance flexible electronics according to a Penn State-led international research team. Huanyu “Larry” Cheng, Dorothy Quiggle Career Development Professor in Penn State's Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics (ESM), heads the collaboration, which recently published two studies that could inform research and development of future motion detection, tactile sensing and health monitoring devices.
Investigating how laser processing affects graphene form and function
Several substances can be converted into carbon to create graphene through laser radiation. Called laser-induced graphene (LIG), the resulting product can have specific properties determined by the original material. The team tested this process and their results were made available online ahead of publication in SCIENCE CHINA Technological Sciences.
Samples of polyimide, a type of plastic, were irradiated through laser scanning. The researchers varied the power, scanning speed, number of passes and density of scanning lines.
“We wanted to look at how different parameters of the laser processing process create different nanostructures,” Cheng said. “Varying the power allowed us to create LIG either in a fiber or foam structure.”
The researchers found that lower power levels, from 7.2 watts to roughly 9 watts, resulted in the formation of a porous foam with many ultrafine layers. This LIG foam exhibited electrical conductivity and a fair resistance to heat damage — both properties that are useful in components of electronic devices.
Increasing the power from approximately 9 watts to 12.6 watts changed the LIG formation pattern from foam to bundles of small fibers. These bundles grew larger in diameter with increased laser power, while higher power promoted the web-like growth of a fiber network. The fibrous structure showed better electrical conductivity than the foam. According to Cheng, this increased performance combined with the fiber’s form could open possibilities for sensing devices.
“In general, this is a conductive framework we can use to construct other components,” Cheng said. “As long as the fiber is conductive, we can use it as a scaffold and do a lot of subsequent modifications on the surface to enable a number of sensors, such as a glucose sensor on the skin or an infection detector for wounds.”
Varying the laser scanning speed, density and passes for the LIG formed at different powers also influenced conductivity and subsequent performance. More laser exposure resulted in higher conductivity, but eventually dropped due to excess carbonization from burning.
Demonstrating a low-cost LIG sensor
Using the previous study as a foundation, Cheng and the team set out to design, fabricate and test a flexible LIG pressure sensor. Their findings were made available online ahead of publication in SCIENCE CHINA Technological Sciences.
“Pressure sensors are very important,” Cheng said. “We can use them not only in households and manufacturing but also on the skin surface to measure lots of signals from the human body, like the pulse. They can also be used at the human-machine interface to enhance performance of prosthetic limbs or monitor their attachment points.”
The team tested two designs. For the first, they sandwiched a thin LIG foam layer between two polyimide layers containing copper electrodes. When pressure was applied, the LIG generated electricity. The voids in the foam reduced the number of pathways for electricity to travel, making it easier to localize the pressure source, and appeared to improve sensitivity to delicate touches.
This first design, when attached to the back of the hand or the finger, detected bending and stretching hand movements — as well as the characteristic percussion, tidal and diastolic waves of the heartbeat. According to Cheng, this pulse reading could be combined with an electrocardiogram reading to yield blood pressure measurements without a cuff.
In the second design, the researchers incorporated nanoparticles into the LIG foam. These tiny spheres of molybdenum disulfide, a semiconductor that can act as a conductor and an insulator, enhanced the foam’s sensitivity and resistance to physical forces. This design was also resilient to repeated use, showing nearly identical performance before and after nearly 10,000 uses.
Both designs were cost-effective and allowed for simple data acquisition, according to Cheng.
The researchers plan to continue exploring the designs as standalone devices for health monitoring or in tandem with other extant equipment.
The National Natural Science Foundation of China, the National Science Foundation and the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund supported the work in the first paper, and the NSF and the National Institutes of Health supported the work in the second paper.
Other contributors to the first paper include corresponding author Ming Liu and Jianan Wu, both affiliated with Fuzhou University and Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Contributors for the second paper include Dapeng Hao, Xi’an Aeronautical University; Ruoxi Yang, Hebei University of Technology; and Ning Yi, Penn State Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Hao and Yang are also affiliated with ESM. Cheng is also affiliated with the architectural engineering and biomedical engineering departments in the College of Engineering and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in the Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, as well as the Engineering Energy & Environmental Institute, Materials Research Institute and the Institute for Computational and Data Sciences.